Configuring IP Routing Protocol-Independent Features

This chapter describes how to configure IP routing protocol-independent features. For a complete description of the IP routing protocol-independent commands in this chapter, refer to the "IP Routing Protocol-Independent Commands" chapter of the Network Protocols Command Reference, Part 1. To locate documentation of other commands in this chapter, use the command reference master index or search online.

Previous chapters addressed configurations of specific routing protocols. The following sections describe optional features that are protocol-independent:

• Use Variable-Length Subnet Masks

• Configure Static Routes

• Specify Default Routes

• Change the Maximum Number of Paths

• Redistribute Routing Information

• Filter Routing Information

• Enable Policy Routing

• Manage Authentication Keys

• Monitor and Maintain the IP Network

See the section "IP Routing Protocol-Independent Configuration Examples" at end of this chapter for configuration examples.

Use Variable-Length Subnet Masks

Enhanced IGRP, IS-IS, OSPF, RIP Version 2, and static routes support variable-length subnet masks (VLSMs). With VLSMs, you can use different masks for the same network number on different interfaces, which allows you to conserve IP addresses and more efficiently use available address space. However, using VLSMs also presents address assignment challenges for the network administrator and ongoing administrative challenges.

Refer to RFC 1219 for detailed information about VLSMs and how to correctly assign addresses.

The best way to implement VLSMs is to keep your existing numbering plan in place and gradually migrate some networks to VLSMs to recover address space. See the "Variable-Length Subnet Mask Example" section at the end of this chapter for an example of using VLSMs.

Configure Static Routes

Static routes are user-defined routes that cause packets moving between a source and a destination to take a specified path. Static routes can be important if the Cisco IOS software cannot build a route to a particular destination. They are also useful for specifying a gateway of last resort to which all unroutable packets will be sent.

To configure a static route, perform the following task in global configuration mode:

See the "Overriding Static Routes with Dynamic Protocols Example" section at the end of this chapter for an example of configuring static routes.

The software remembers static routes until you remove them (using the no form of the ip route global configuration command). However, you can override static routes with dynamic routing information through prudent assignment of administrative distance values. Each dynamic routing protocol has a default administrative distance, as listed in Table 3. If you would like a static route to be overridden by information from a dynamic routing protocol, simply ensure that the administrative distance of the static route is higher than that of the dynamic protocol.

Static routes that point to an interface will be advertised via RIP, IGRP, and other dynamic routing protocols, regardless of whether redistribute static commands were specified for those routing protocols. This is because static routes that point to an interface are considered in the routing table to be connected and hence lose their static nature. However, if you define a static route to an interface that is not one of the networks defined in a network command, no dynamic routing protocols will advertise the route unless a redistribute static command is specified for these protocols.

When an interface goes down, all static routes through that interface are removed from the IP routing table. Also, when the software can no longer find a valid next hop for the address specified as the forwarding router's address in a static route, the static route is removed from the IP routing table.

Specify Default Routes

A router might not be able to determine the routes to all other networks. To provide complete routing capability, the common practice is to use some routers as smart routers and give the remaining routers default routes to the smart router. (Smart routers have routing table information for the entire internetwork.) These default routes can be passed along dynamically, or can be configured into the individual routers.

Most dynamic interior routing protocols include a mechanism for causing a smart router to generate dynamic default information that is then passed along to other routers.

Specify a Default Network

If a router has a directly connected interface onto the specified default network, the dynamic routing protocols running on that device will generate or source a default route. In the case of RIP, it will advertise the pseudonetwork 0.0.0.0. In the case of IGRP, the network itself is advertised and flagged as an exterior route.

A router that is generating the default for a network also may need a default of its own. One way of doing this is to specify a static route to the network 0.0.0.0 through the appropriate device.

To define a static route to a network as the static default route, perform the following task in global configuration mode:

Understand Gateway of Last Resort

When default information is being passed along through a dynamic routing protocol, no further configuration is required. The system periodically scans its routing table to choose the optimal default network as its default route. In the case of RIP, there is only one choice, network 0.0.0.0. In the case of IGRP, there might be several networks that can be candidates for the system default. The Cisco IOS software uses both administrative distance and metric information to determine the default route (gateway of last resort). The selected default route appears in the gateway of last resort display of the show ip route EXEC command.

Change the Maximum Number of Paths

By default, most IP routing protocols install a maximum of four parallel routes in a routing table. The exception is BGP, which by default allows only one path to a destination.

The range of maximum paths is 1 to 6 paths. To change the maximum number of parallel paths allowed, perform the following task in router configuration mode:

Redistribute Routing Information

In addition to running multiple routing protocols simultaneously, the Cisco IOS software can redistribute information from one routing protocol to another. For example, you can instruct the software to readvertise IGRP-derived routes using the RIP protocol, or to readvertise static routes using the IGRP protocol. This applies to all of the IP-based routing protocols.

You also can conditionally control the redistribution of routes between routing domains by defining a method known as route maps between the two domains.

Understand Supported Metric Translations

This section describes supported automatic metric translations between the routing protocols. The following descriptions assume that you have not defined a default redistribution metric that replaces metric conversions:

• RIP can automatically redistribute static routes. It assigns static routes a metric of 1 (directly connected).

• BGP does not normally send metrics in its routing updates.

• IGRP can automatically redistribute static routes and information from other IGRP-routed autonomous systems. IGRP assigns static routes a metric that identifies them as directly connected. IGRP does not change the metrics of routes derived from IGRP updates from other autonomous systems.

• Note that any protocol can redistribute other routing protocols if a default metric is in effect.

Filter Routing Information

You can filter routing protocol information by performing the following tasks, each of which is described in this section:

• Prevent Routing Updates through an Interface

• Control the Advertising of Routes in Routing Updates

• Control the Processing of Routing Updates

• Filter Sources of Routing Information

Prevent Routing Updates through an Interface

To prevent other routers on a local network from learning about routes dynamically, you can keep routing update messages from being sent through a router interface. This is done to prevent other systems on an interface from learning about routes dynamically. This feature applies to all IP-based routing protocols except BGP.

OSPF and IS-IS behave somewhat differently. In OSPF, the interface address you specify as passive appears as a stub network in the OSPF domain. OSPF routing information is neither sent nor received through the specified router interface. In IS-IS, the specified IP addresses are advertised without actually running IS-IS on those interfaces.

See the "Passive Interface Examples" section at the end of this chapter for examples of configuring passive interfaces.

Control the Advertising of Routes in Routing Updates

To prevent other routers from learning one or more routes, you can suppress routes from being advertised in routing updates. This is done to prevent other routers from learning a particular device's interpretation of one or more routes. You cannot specify an interface name in OSPF. When used for OSPF, this feature applies only to external routes.

To suppress routes from being advertised in routing updates, perform the following task in router configuration mode:

Control the Processing of Routing Updates

You might want to avoid processing certain routes listed in incoming updates. This feature does not apply to OSPF or IS-IS. Perform the following task in router configuration mode:

Filter Sources of Routing Information

This is done to prioritize routing information from different sources, because some pieces of routing information may be more accurate than others. An administrative distance is a rating of the trustworthiness of a routing information source, such as an individual router or a group of routers. In a large network, some routing protocols and some routers can be more reliable than others as sources of routing information. Also, when multiple routing processes are running in the same router for IP, it is possible for the same route to be advertised by more than one routing process. By specifying administrative distance values, you enable the router to intelligently discriminate between sources of routing information. The router will always pick the route whose routing protocol has the lowest administrative distance.

There are no general guidelines for assigning administrative distances, because each network has its own requirements. You must determine a reasonable matrix of administrative distances for the network as a whole. Table 3 shows the default administrative distance for various routing information sources.

For example, consider a router using IGRP and RIP. Suppose you trust the IGRP-derived routing information more than the RIP-derived routing information. In this example, because the default IGRP administrative distance is lower than the default RIP administrative distance, the router uses the IGRP-derived information and ignores the RIP-derived information. However, if you lose the source of the IGRP-derived information (because of a power shutdown in another building, for example), the router uses the RIP-derived information until the IGRP-derived information reappears.

For an example of filtering on sources of routing information, see the section "Administrative Distance Examples" at the end of this chapter.

Enable Policy Routing

Policy routing is a more flexible mechanism for routing packets than destination routing. It is a process whereby the router puts packets through a route map before routing them. The route map determines which packets are routed to which router next. You might enable policy routing if you want certain packets to be routed some way other than the obvious shortest path. Some possible applications for policy routing are to provide equal access, protocol-sensitive routing, source-sensitive routing, routing based on interactive versus batch traffic, or routing based on dedicated links.

You must also define the route map to be used for policy routing. Perform the following task in global configuration mode:

If you want policy routing to be fast-switched, see the section "Enable Fast-Switched Policy Routing," which follows.

See the "Policy Routing Example" section at the end of this chapter for an example of policy routing.

Enable Fast-Switched Policy Routing

IP policy routing can now be fast-switched. Prior to this feature, policy routing could only be process switched, which meant that on most platforms, the switching rate was approximately 1,000 to 10,000 packets per second. This was not fast enough for many applications. Users who need policy routing to occur at faster speeds can now implement policy routing without slowing down the router.

Policy routing must be configured before you configure fast-switched policy routing. Fast switching of policy routing is disabled by default. To have policy routing be fast-switched, perform the following task in interface configuration mode:

Enable Local Policy Routing

Packets that are generated by the router are not normally policy-routed. To enable local policy routing for such packets, indicate which route map the router should use by performing the following task in global configuration mode. All packets originating on the router will then be subject to local policy routing.

Manage Authentication Keys

Key management is a method of controlling authentication keys used by routing protocols. Not all protocols can use key management. Authentication keys are available for Director Response Protocol (DRP) Agent, IP Enhanced IGRP, and RIP Version 2.

Use the show key chain command to display key chain information. For examples of key management, see the "Manage Authentication Keys" section at the end of this chapter.

Monitor and Maintain the IP Network

You can remove all contents of a particular cache, table, or database. You also can display specific statistics. The following sections describe each of these tasks.

Clear Routes from the IP Routing Table

You can remove all contents of a particular table. Clearing a table can become necessary when the contents of the particular structure have become, or are suspected to be, invalid.

To clear one or more routes from the IP routing table, perform the following task in EXEC mode:

Display System and Network Statistics

You can display specific statistics such as the contents of IP routing tables, caches, and databases. Information provided can be used to determine resource utilization and solve network problems. You can also display information about node reachability and discover the routing path your device's packets are taking through the network.

To display various routing statistics, perform the following tasks in EXEC mode:

IP Routing Protocol-Independent Configuration Examples

The following sections provide routing protocol-independent configuration examples:

• Variable-Length Subnet Mask Example

• Overriding Static Routes with Dynamic Protocols Example

• Administrative Distance Examples

• Static Routing Redistribution Example

• IGRP Redistribution Example

• RIP and IGRP Redistribution Example

• IP Enhanced IGRP Redistribution Examples

• RIP and IP Enhanced IGRP Redistribution Examples

• OSPF Routing and Route Redistribution Examples

• Default Metric Values Redistribution Example

• Route Map Examples

• Passive Interface Examples

• Policy Routing Example

• Key Management Examples

Variable-Length Subnet Mask Example

In the following example, a 14-bit subnet mask is used, leaving two bits of address space reserved for serial line host addresses. There is sufficient host address space for two host endpoints on a point-to-point serial link.

interface ethernet 0
 ip address 131.107.1.1 255.255.255.0
! 8 bits of host address space reserved for ethernets
interface serial 0
 ip address 131.107.254.1 255.255.255.252
! 2 bits of address space reserved for serial lines
! Router is configured for OSPF and assigned AS 107
router ospf 107
! Specifies network directly connected to the router
 network 131.107.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 0.0.0.0

Overriding Static Routes with Dynamic Protocols Example

In the following example, packets for network 10.0.0.0 from Router B (where the static route is installed) will be routed through 131.108.3.4 if a route with an administrative distance less than 110 is not available. Figure 30 illustrates this point. The route learned by a protocol with an administrative distance of less than 110 might cause Router B to send traffic destined for network 10.0.0.0 via the alternate path--through Router D.

ip route 10.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 131.108.3.4 110

Figure 30: Overriding Static Routes

Administrative Distance Examples

In the following example, the router igrp global configuration command sets up IGRP routing in autonomous system 109. The network router configuration commands specify IGRP routing on networks 192.31.7.0 and 128.88.0.0. The first distance router configuration command sets the default administrative distance to 255, which instructs the router to ignore all routing updates from routers for which an explicit distance has not been set. The second distance command sets the administrative distance to 90 for all routers on the Class C network 192.31.7.0. The third distance command sets the administrative distance to 120 for the router with the address 128.88.1.3.

router igrp 109
 network 192.31.7.0
 network 128.88.0.0
 distance 255
 distance 90 192.31.7.0 0.0.0.255
 distance 120 128.88.1.3 0.0.0.0

The following example assigns the router with the address 192.31.7.18 an administrative distance of 100, and all other routers on subnet 192.31.7.0 an administrative distance of 200:

 distance 100 192.31.7.18 0.0.0.0
 distance 200 192.31.7.0 0.0.0.255

However, if you reverse the order of these commands, all routers on subnet 192.31.7.0 are assigned an administrative distance of 200, including the router at address 192.31.7.18:

 distance 200 192.31.7.0 0.0.0.255
 distance 100 192.31.7.18 0.0.0.0

Assigning administrative distances is a problem unique to each network and is done in response to the greatest perceived threats to the connected network. Even when general guidelines exist, the network manager must ultimately determine a reasonable matrix of administrative distances for the network as a whole.

In the following example, the distance value for IP routes learned is 90. Preference is given to these IP routes rather than routes with the default administrative distance value of 110.

router isis
 distance 90 ip

Static Routing Redistribution Example

In the example that follows, three static routes are specified, two of which are to be advertised. Do this by specifying the redistribute static router configuration command, then specifying an access list that allows only those two networks to be passed to the IGRP process. Any redistributed static routes should be sourced by a single router to minimize the likelihood of creating a routing loop.

ip route 192.1.2.0 255.255.255.0 192.31.7.65
ip route 193.62.5.0 255.255.255.0 192.31.7.65
ip route 131.108.0.0 255.255.255.0 192.31.7.65
access-list 3 permit 192.1.2.0
access-list 3 permit 193.62.5.0
!
router igrp 109
 network 192.31.7.0
 default-metric 10000 100 255 1 1500
 redistribute static
 distribute-list 3 out static

IGRP Redistribution Example

Each IGRP routing process can provide routing information to only one autonomous system; the Cisco IOS software must run a separate IGRP process and maintain a separate routing database for each autonomous system it services. However, you can transfer routing information between these routing databases.

router igrp 71
 network 15.0.0.0
router igrp 109
 network 192.31.7.0

router igrp 71
 redistribute igrp 109
 distribute-list 3 out igrp 109
access-list 3 permit 192.31.7.0

RIP and IGRP Redistribution Example

Consider a WAN at a university that uses RIP as an interior routing protocol. Assume that the university wants to connect its WAN to a regional network, 128.1.0.0, which uses IGRP as the routing protocol. The goal in this case is to advertise the networks in the university network to the routers on the regional network. The commands for the interconnecting router are listed in the example that follows:

router igrp 109
 network 128.1.0.0
 redistribute rip
 default-metric 10000 100 255 1 1500
 distribute-list 10 out rip

In this example, the router global configuration command starts an IGRP routing process. The network router configuration command specifies that network 128.1.0.0 (the regional network) is to receive IGRP routing information. The redistribute router configuration command specifies that RIP-derived routing information be advertised in the routing updates. The default-metric router configuration command assigns an IGRP metric to all RIP-derived routes.

The distribute-list router configuration command instructs the Cisco IOS software to use access list 10 (not defined in this example) to limit the entries in each outgoing update. The access list prevents unauthorized advertising of university routes to the regional network.

IP Enhanced IGRP Redistribution Examples

Each IP Enhanced IGRP routing process provides routing information to only one autonomous system. The Cisco IOS software must run a separate IP Enhanced IGRP process and maintain a separate routing database for each autonomous system it services. However, you can transfer routing information between these routing databases.

Suppose the software has one IP Enhanced IGRP routing process for network 15.0.0.0 in autonomous system 71 and another for network 192.31.7.0 in autonomous system 109, as the following commands specify:

router eigrp 71
 network 15.0.0.0
router eigrp 109
 network 192.31.7.0

To transfer a route from 192.31.7.0 into autonomous system 71 (without passing any other information about autonomous system 109), use the command in the following example:

router eigrp 71
 redistribute eigrp 109 route-map 109-to-71
 route-map 109-to-71 permit
 match ip address 3
 set metric 10000 100 1 255 1500
access-list 3 permit 192.31.7.0

The following example is an alternative way to transfer a route to 192.31.7.0 into autonomous system 71. Unlike the previous configuration, this one does not allow you to arbitrarily set the metric.

router eigrp 71
 redistribute eigrp 109
 distribute-list 3 out eigrp 109
access-list 3 permit 192.31.7.0

RIP and IP Enhanced IGRP Redistribution Examples

This section provides a simple RIP redistribution example and a complex redistribution example between IP Enhanced IGRP and BGP.

Example 1: Simple Redistribution

Consider a WAN at a university that uses RIP as an interior routing protocol. Assume that the university wants to connect its WAN to a regional network, 128.1.0.0, which uses IP Enhanced IGRP as the routing protocol. The goal in this case is to advertise the networks in the university network to the routers on the regional network. The commands for the interconnecting router are listed in the example that follows:

router eigrp 109
 network 128.1.0.0
 redistribute rip
 default-metric 10000 100 255 1 1500
 distribute-list 10 out rip

In this example, the router global configuration command starts an IP Enhanced IGRP routing process. The network router configuration command specifies that network 128.1.0.0 (the regional network) is to send and receive IP Enhanced IGRP routing information. The redistribute router configuration command specifies that RIP-derived routing information be advertised in the routing updates. The default-metric router configuration command assigns an IP Enhanced IGRP metric to all RIP-derived routes.

The distribute-list router configuration command instructs the Cisco IOS software to use access list 10 (not defined in this example) to limit the entries in each outgoing update. The access list prevents unauthorized advertising of university routes to the regional network.

Example 2: Complex Redistribution

The most complex redistribution case is one in which mutual redistribution is required between an IGP (in this case IP Enhanced IGRP) and BGP.

Suppose that BGP is running on a router somewhere else in autonomous system 1, and that the BGP routes are injected into IP Enhanced IGRP routing process 1. You must use filters to ensure that the proper routes are advertised. The example configuration for router R1 illustrates use of access filters and a distribution list to filter routes advertised to BGP neighbors. This example also illustrates configuration commands for redistribution between BGP and IP Enhanced IGRP.

! Configuration for router R1:
router bgp 1
 network 131.108.0.0
 neighbor 192.5.10.1 remote-as 2
 neighbor 192.5.10.15 remote-as 1
 neighbor 192.5.10.24 remote-as 3 
 redistribute eigrp 1
 distribute-list 1 out eigrp 1
!
! All networks that should be advertised from R1 are controlled with access lists:
!
access-list 1 permit 131.108.0.0
access-list 1 permit 150.136.0.0
access-list 1 permit 128.125.0.0
!
router eigrp 1
 network 131.108.0.0
 network 192.5.10.0
 redistribute bgp 1

OSPF Routing and Route Redistribution Examples

OSPF typically requires coordination among many internal routers, area border routers, and autonomous system boundary routers. At a minimum, OSPF-based routers can be configured with all default parameter values, with no authentication, and with interfaces assigned to areas.

Three types of examples follow:

• The first examples are simple configurations illustrating basic OSPF commands.

• The second example illustrates a configuration for an internal router, ABR, and ASBRs within a single, arbitrarily assigned, OSPF autonomous system.

• The third example illustrates a more complex configuration and the application of various tools available for controlling OSPF-based routing environments.

Basic OSPF Configuration Examples

The following example illustrates a simple OSPF configuration that enables OSPF routing process 9000, attaches Ethernet 0 to area 0.0.0.0, and redistributes RIP into OSPF, and OSPF into RIP:

interface ethernet 0
 ip address 130.93.1.1 255.255.255.0
 ip ospf cost 1
!
interface ethernet 1
 ip address 130.94.1.1 255.255.255.0
!
router ospf 9000
 network 130.93.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 0.0.0.0
 redistribute rip metric 1 subnets
!
router rip
 network 130.94.0.0
 redistribute ospf 9000
 default-metric 1 

The following example illustrates the assignment of four area IDs to four IP address ranges. In the example, OSPF routing process 109 is initialized, and four OSPF areas are defined: 10.9.50.0, 2, 3, and 0. Areas 10.9.50.0, 2, and 3 mask specific address ranges, while Area 0 enables OSPF for all other networks.

router ospf 109
 network 131.108.20.0 0.0.0.255 area 10.9.50.0
 network 131.108.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 2
 network 131.109.10.0 0.0.0.255 area 3
 network 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 area 0
!
! Interface Ethernet0 is in area 10.9.50.0:
interface ethernet 0
 ip address 131.108.20.5 255.255.255.0
!
! Interface Ethernet1 is in area 2:
interface ethernet 1
 ip address 131.108.1.5 255.255.255.0
!
! Interface Ethernet2 is in area 2:
interface ethernet 2
 ip address 131.108.2.5 255.255.255.0
!
! Interface Ethernet3 is in area 3:
interface ethernet 3
 ip address 131.109.10.5 255.255.255.0
!
! Interface Ethernet4 is in area 0:
interface ethernet 4
 ip address 131.109.1.1 255.255.255.0
!
! Interface Ethernet5 is in area 0:
interface ethernet 5
 ip address 10.1.0.1 255.255.0.0

Each network router configuration command is evaluated sequentially, so the specific order of these commands in the configuration is important. The Cisco IOS software sequentially evaluates the address/wildcard-mask pair for each interface. See the "IP Routing Protocols Commands" chapter of the Network Protocols Command Reference, Part 1 for more information.

Consider the first network command. Area ID 10.9.50.0 is configured for the interface on which subnet 131.108.20.0 is located. Assume that a match is determined for interface Ethernet 0. Interface Ethernet 0 is attached to Area 10.9.50.0 only.

The second network command is evaluated next. For Area 2, the same process is then applied to all interfaces (except interface Ethernet 0). Assume that a match is determined for interface Ethernet 1. OSPF is then enabled for that interface and Ethernet 1 is attached to Area 2.

This process of attaching interfaces to OSPF areas continues for all network commands. Note that the last network command in this example is a special case. With this command, all available interfaces (not explicitly attached to another area) are attached to Area 0.

Internal Router, ABR, and ASBRs Configuration Example

The following example outlines a configuration for several routers within a single OSPF autonomous system. Figure 31 provides a general network map that illustrates this example configuration.

Figure 31: Sample OSPF Autonomous System Network Map

Router A--Internal Router

interface ethernet 1
 ip address 131.108.1.1 255.255.255.0
router ospf 109
 network 131.108.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 1

Router B--Internal Router

interface ethernet 2
 ip address 131.108.1.2 255.255.255.0
router ospf 109
 network 131.108.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 1

Router C--ABR

interface ethernet 3
 ip address 131.108.1.3 255.255.255.0
interface serial 0
 ip address 131.108.2.3 255.255.255.0
router ospf 109
 network 131.108.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 1
 network 131.108.2.0 0.0.0.255 area 0

Router D--Internal Router

interface ethernet 4
 ip address 10.0.0.4 255.0.0.0
interface serial 1
 ip address 131.108.2.4 255.255.255.0
router ospf 109
 network 131.108.2.0 0.0.0.255 area 0
 network 10.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 0

Router E--ASBR

interface ethernet 5
 ip address 10.0.0.5 255.0.0.0
interface serial 2
 ip address 11.0.0.5 255.0.0.0
router ospf 109
 network 10.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 0
 redistribute bgp 109 metric 1 metric-type 1
router bgp 109
 network 131.108.0.0
 network 10.0.0.0
 neighbor 11.0.0.6 remote-as 110

Complex OSPF Configuration Example

The following example configuration accomplishes several tasks in setting up an ABR. These tasks can be split into two general categories:

• Basic OSPF configuration

• Route redistribution

The specific tasks outlined in this configuration are detailed briefly in the following descriptions. Figure 32 illustrates the network address ranges and area assignments for the interfaces.

Figure 32: Interface and Area Specifications for OSPF Example Configuration

interface ethernet 0
 ip address 192.42.110.201 255.255.255.0
 ip ospf authentication-key abcdefgh
 ip ospf cost 10
!
interface ethernet 1
 ip address 131.119.251.201 255.255.255.0
 ip ospf authentication-key ijklmnop
 ip ospf cost 20
 ip ospf retransmit-interval 10
 ip ospf transmit-delay 2
 ip ospf priority 4
!
interface ethernet 2
 ip address 131.119.254.201 255.255.255.0
 ip ospf authentication-key abcdefgh
 ip ospf cost 10
!
interface ethernet 3
 ip address 36.56.0.201 255.255.0.0
 ip ospf authentication-key ijklmnop
 ip ospf cost 20
 ip ospf dead-interval 80

router ospf 201
 network 36.0.0.0 0.255.255.255 area 36.0.0.0
 network 192.42.110.0 0.0.0.255 area 192.42.110.0
 network 131.119.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 0
 area 0 authentication
 area 36.0.0.0 stub
 area 36.0.0.0 authentication
 area 36.0.0.0 default-cost 20
 area 192.42.110.0 authentication
 area 36.0.0.0 range 36.0.0.0 255.0.0.0
 area 192.42.110.0 range 192.42.110.0 255.255.255.0
 area 0 range 131.119.251.0 255.255.255.0
 area 0 range 131.119.254.0 255.255.255.0
 redistribute igrp 200 metric-type 2 metric 1 tag 200 subnets
 redistribute rip metric-type 2 metric 1 tag 200

router igrp 200
 network 131.119.0.0
!
! RIP for 192.42.110
!
router rip
 network 192.42.110.0
 redistribute igrp 200 metric 1
 redistribute ospf 201 metric 1

Default Metric Values Redistribution Example

The following example shows a router in autonomous system 109 using both RIP and IGRP. The example advertises IGRP-derived routes using the RIP protocol and assigns the IGRP-derived routes a RIP metric of 10.

router rip
 default-metric 10
 redistribute igrp 109

Route Map Examples

The examples in this section illustrate the use of redistribution, with and without route maps. Examples from both the IP and CLNS routing protocols are given.

The following example redistributes all OSPF routes into IGRP:

router igrp 109
 redistribute ospf 110

The following example redistributes RIP routes with a hop count equal to 1 into OSPF. These routes will be redistributed into OSPF as external link state advertisements with a metric of 5, metric type of Type 1, and a tag equal to 1.

router ospf 109
 redistribute rip route-map rip-to-ospf
!
route-map rip-to-ospf permit
 match metric 1
 set metric 5
 set metric-type type1
 set tag 1

The following example redistributes OSPF learned routes with tag 7 as a RIP metric of 15:

router rip
 redistribute ospf 109 route-map 5
!
route-map 5 permit
 match tag 7
 set metric 15

The following example redistributes OSPF intra-area and interarea routes with next-hop routers on serial interface 0 into BGP with an INTER_AS metric of 5:

router bgp 109
 redistribute ospf 109 route-map 10
!
route-map 10 permit
 match route-type internal
 match interface serial 0
 set metric 5

The following example redistributes two types of routes into the integrated IS-IS routing table (supporting both IP and CLNS). The first are OSPF external IP routes with tag 5; these are inserted into Level 2 IS-IS LSPs with a metric of 5. The second are ISO-IGRP derived CLNS prefix routes that match CLNS access list 2000. These will be redistributed into IS-IS as Level 2 LSPs with a metric of 30.

router isis
 redistribute ospf 109 route-map 2
 redistribute iso-igrp nsfnet route-map 3
!
route-map 2 permit
 match route-type external
 match tag 5
 set metric 5
 set level level-2
!
route-map 3 permit
 match address 2000
 set metric 30

With the following configuration, OSPF external routes with tags 1, 2, 3, and 5 are redistributed into RIP with metrics of 1, 1, 5, and 5, respectively. The OSPF routes with a tag of 4 are not redistributed.

router rip
 redistribute ospf 109 route-map 1
!
route-map 1 permit
 match tag 1 2
 set metric 1
!
route-map 1 permit 
 match tag 3
 set metric 5
!
route-map 1 deny
 match tag 4
!
route map 1 permit
 match tag 5
 set metric 5

Given the following configuration, a RIP learned route for network 160.89.0.0 and an ISO-IGRP learned route with prefix 49.0001.0002 will be redistributed into an IS-IS Level 2 LSP with a metric of 5:

router isis
 redistribute rip route-map 1
 redistribute iso-igrp remote route-map 1
!
route-map 1 permit
 match ip address 1
 match clns address 2
 set metric 5
 set level level-2
!
access-list 1 permit 160.89.0.0 0.0.255.255
 clns filter-set 2 permit 49.0001.0002...

The following configuration example illustrates how a route map is referenced by the default-information router configuration command. This is called conditional default origination. OSPF will originate the default route (network 0.0.0.0) with a Type 2 metric of 5 if 140.222.0.0 is in the routing table.

route-map ospf-default permit
 match ip address 1
 set metric 5
 set metric-type type-2
!
access-list 1 140.222.0.0 0.0.255.255
!
router ospf 109
 default-information originate route-map ospf-default

Passive Interface Examples

The following example sends IGRP updates to all interfaces on network 131.108.0.0 except interface Ethernet 1. Figure 33 shows this configuration.

router igrp 109
 network 131.108.0.0
 passive-interface ethernet 1

Figure 33: Filtering IGRP Updates

router igrp 109
 network 131.108.0.0
 passive-interface ethernet 1
 neighbor 131.108.20.4

interface ethernet 0
 ip address 131.108.1.1 255.255.255.0
interface ethernet 1
 ip address 131.108.2.1 255.255.255.0
interface ethernet 2
 ip address 131.108.3.1 255.255.255.0
!
router ospf 109
 network 131.108.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 0

router ospf 109
 network 131.108.0.0 0.0.255.255 area 0
 passive-interface ethernet 2

Policy Routing Example

The following example provides two sources with equal access to two different service providers. Packets arriving on async interface 1 from the source 1.1.1.1 are sent to the router at 6.6.6.6 if the router has no explicit route for the packet's destination. Packets arriving from the source 2.2.2.2 are sent to the router at 7.7.7.7 if the router has no explicit route for the packet's destination. All other packets for which the router has no explicit route to the destination are discarded.

access-list 1 permit ip 1.1.1.1 
access-list 2 permit ip 2.2.2.2 
!
interface async 1
 ip policy route-map equal-access
!
route-map equal-access permit 10
 match ip address 1
 set ip default next-hop 6.6.6.6
route-map equal-access permit 20
 match ip address 2
 set ip default next-hop 7.7.7.7
route-map equal-access permit 30
 set default interface null0

Key Management Examples

The following example configures a key chain called trees. In this example, the software will always accept and send willow as a valid key. The key chestnut will be accepted from 1:30 p.m. to 3:30 p.m. and be sent from 2:00 p.m. to 3:00 p.m. The overlap allows for migration of keys or discrepancies in the router's time. Likewise, the key birch immediately follows chestnut, and there is a half hour leeway on each side to handle time-of-day differences.

interface ethernet 0
 ip rip authentication key-chain trees
 ip rip authentication mode md5
!
router rip
 network 172.19.0.0
 version 2
!
key chain trees
 key 1
 key-string willow
 key 2
 key-string chestnut
 accept-lifetime 13:30:00 Jan 25 1996 duration 7200
 send-lifetime 14:00:00 Jan 25 1996 duration 3600
 key 3
 key-string birch
 accept-lifetime 14:30:00 Jan 25 1996 duration 7200
 send-lifetime 15:00:00 Jan 25 1996 duration 3600

key chain flintstone
 key 1
 key-string fred
 key 2
 key-string barney
 accept-lifetime 00:00:00 Dec 5 1995 23:59:59 Dec 5 1995
 send-lifetime 06:00:00 Dec 5 1995 18:00:00 Dec 5 1995
!
interface Ethernet0
 ip address 172.19.104.75 255.255.255.0 secondary
 ip address 171.69.232.147 255.255.255.240
 ip rip authentication key-chain flintstone
 media-type 10BaseT
!
interface Ethernet1
 no ip address
 shutdown
 media-type 10BaseT
interface Fddi0
 ip address 2.1.1.1 255.255.255.0
 no keepalive
!
interface Fddi1
 ip address 3.1.1.1 255.255.255.0
 ip rip send version 1
 ip rip receive version 1
 no keepalive
!
router rip
 version 2
 network 172.19.0.0
 network 2.0.0.0
 network 3.0.0.0